学术资讯｜政治哲学工作坊第五十七讲：无宽恕的和解

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It is often taken for granted that, where there has been an offense or injustice, individual or social, forgiveness is essential for genuine reconciliation.

Forgiveness presupposes an acknowledgement, on the part of the offender, of the harm done and his or her culpability, and a corresponding commitment not to repeat the offense, usually supported by evidence of a change of heart or moral awareness.  But what would reconciliation be like in a world where forgiveness (in this sense) was unknown?  What words or actions could assuage the passions roused by an offense and the associated desire for revenge?  In my talk, I will examine the case of classical Greece, where I believe that forgiveness in the modern sense did not exist as a socially recognized practice.  I will offer some examples of how reconciliation was achieved in the absence of forgiveness, and raise the question of whether forgiveness is a necessary, or even desirable, way of overcoming hostilities and achieving peace.

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一般认为，不论是个人还是社会，在被冒犯或遭受不公正的情况下，宽恕对于达成真正的和解来说必不可少。 宽恕的前提是造成伤害者承认他/她所造成的伤害和罪责，并同时承诺不再重复造成伤害，这种承诺通常用内心改变或道德意识来证明。 但是，如果这种意义的宽恕不为人所知，和解会是什么样子？ 什么样的言语或行动可以平息被伤害行为激起的愤怒和连带的复仇欲望？ 我将在本讲中探寻古希腊的情况，并主张在古希腊那里现代意义上的宽恕并没有被当作一种社会认可的做法。 我将举例说明在没有宽恕的情况下如何实现和解，并提出宽恕是否是克服敌意和实现和平的必要甚至是理想的方式的问题。